Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Info
In an aqueous solution a double displacement reaction can result in the formation of:
- A gas (
) - E.g solid lithium hydride and water produces aqueous lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
- E.g solid lithium hydride and water produces aqueous lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
- Water
- E.g aqueous sulfuric acids and aqueous sodium hydroxide produces aqueous sodium sulfate and water:
- E.g aqueous sulfuric acids and aqueous sodium hydroxide produces aqueous sodium sulfate and water:
- A precipitate (insoluble solid)
- E.g aqueous potassium carbonate and aqueous copper (II) sulfate produces potassium sulfate and copper (II) carbonate
- E.g aqueous potassium carbonate and aqueous copper (II) sulfate produces potassium sulfate and copper (II) carbonate
Solubility Rules
Rules
In general, the following solubility rules can be followed:
- All nitrates are soluble (
) - Alkali metal ions and
ions are soluble - Halides (group 7,
) are soluble except when reacted with (heavy metals) - Most sulfates are soluble, except when reacted with
(heavy metals) - Most hydroxides are slightly soluble (insoluble) except
and - Sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates are insoluble
Predicting Precipitates
Definition
Experimentally, a precipitate is seen as sudden cloudiness or an obvious solid formed when the 2 solutions are mixed
A solubility table or solubility rules can be used to predict which of the possible products formed is the precipitate.
Example
Aqueous sodium chloride and aqueous silver nitrate react. Predict the precipitate.
solution
molecular formula:
Silver chloride forms a precipitate.
Ionic equation:
Net-ionic equation: